Paul Ehrlich
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- For the American butterfly and overpopulation specialist, see Paul R. Ehrlich.
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Paul Ehrlich (March 14, 1854 – August 20, 1915) was a German scientist who won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is noted for his work in hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy. Ehrlich predicted autoimmunity and called it "horror autotoxicus". He coined the term "chemotherapy". The idea of a "magic bullet" is also his, and he is credited with the first empirical observation of the blood-brain barrier.
Life
Paul Ehrlich was born into a Jewish family on 14 March 1854 in Strehlen (Silesia). Even as a schoolboy and student of medicine he was interested in staining microscopic tissue substances. In his dissertation at the Leipzig university he picked up the topic again ("Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der histologischen Färbung"). After his clinical education and habilitation ("Das Sauerstoffbedürfnis des Organismus") at the Charité in Berlin in 1887 he received a call from Robert Koch to join the Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin (1891).
Ehrlich spent two years in Egypt, recovering from tuberculosis. Thereafter he worked with his friend Emil Adolf von Behring to on the development of the diphtheria serum.
These works inspired his famous side-chain theory (Seitenkettentheorie) from 1897. This theory explained the effects of serum and enabled measurement of the amount of antigen. In 1896 Ehrlich became the director of the newly founded Institute of Serum Research and Examination (Institut für Serumforschung und Serumprüfung) in Steglitz (Berlin). In 1899 the institute was moved to Frankfurt (Main) and extended into the Royal Institute of Experimental Therapy (Institut für experimentelle Therapie). Here Ehrlich researched chemotherapy and infectious diseases. In 1904 Ehrlich became honorary professor of the University of Göttingen.
Paul Ehrlich received the Nobel Prize for Medicine together with Ilja Iljitsch Metschnikow in 1908. In 1906 he discovered the structural formula of atoxyl, a chemical compound that had been shown to be able to treat sleeping sickness. Following this discovery, he tried to create a less toxic version of the medicament. In 1909 he and his student Sahachiro Hata developed Salvarsan, a treatment effective against syphilis. This work was of epochal importance, stimulating research that led to the development of sulfonamides, penicillin and other antibiotics.
Paul Ehrlich died on 20 August 1915 in Bad Homburg.
Magic Bullet
His life is depicted in the movie The Magic Bullet, which focused on Salvarsan® (arsphenamine, "compound 606"), his cure for syphilis. His work raised the existence of the blood-brain barrier.
The "magic bullet" concept comes from the experience of 19th century German chemists with selectively staining tissues for histological examination, and in particular, selectively staining bacteria (Ehrlich was an exceptionally gifted histological chemist, and invented the precursor technique to Gram staining bacteria). Ehrlich figured that if a compound could be made that selectively targeted a disease causing organism, then a toxin for that organism could be delivered along with the agent of selectivity. Hence, a "magic bullet" would be created that killed only the organism targeted.
A problem with the use of the magic bullet concept as it emerged from its histological roots is that people confused the dye with the agent of tissue selectivity and antibiotic activity. Prontosil, a sulfonamide, whose active component is sulfanilamide, is a classic example of the fact that color is not essential to antibiotic activity.
The concept of a "magic bullet" was fully realized with the invention of monoclonal antibodies.
