Help:Formula

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This is a copy of m:Help:Formula using Wikipedia-specific templates. Do not edit this page. Edits will be lost in the next update from Meta. Please carry out such an update simply by exactly copying the wikitext. To make changes applicable on all projects, edit the master page; to change Wikipedia-specific content, edit the templates; to make demos work, copy templates and images to this project.

Contents

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TeX

MediaWiki uses TeX markup for mathematical formulae. It generates either PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on user preferences and the complexity of the expression. In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even MathML in many cases.

Math markup goes inside <math> ... </math>. The edit toolbar has a button for this.

MediaWiki templates, variables and parameters cannot be used within math tags, see Template talk:Demo of attempt to use parameters within TeX.

The PNG images are black on white (not transparent). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or css. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. The css selector of the images is img.tex.

In the case of a non-white page background, the white background of the formula effectively highlights it, which can be an advantage or a disadvantage.

One may want to avoid using TeX markup as part of a line of regular text, as the formulae don't align properly and the font size, as said, usually does not match.

The alt attribute of the TeX images (the text that is displayed if your browser can't display images; Internet Explorer even shows it up in the hover box) is the wikitext that produced them, excluding the <math> and </math>.

Discussion, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list. These can also be filed on Mediazilla under MediaWiki extensions.

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General

Spaces and newlines are ignored. Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \mbox: <math>\mbox{abc}</math> gives abc

Line breaks help keep the wikitext clear, for instance, a line break after each term or matrix row.

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Functions, symbols, special characters

For producing special characters without math tags, see Help:Special characters.

Comparison:

  • &alpha; gives α, <math>\alpha</math> gives α ("&" and ";" vs. "\", in this case the same code word "alpha"
  • &radic;2 gives √2, <math>\sqrt{2}</math> gives \sqrt{2} (the same difference as above, but also another code word, "radic" vs. "sqrt"; in TeX braces)
  • &radic;(1-''e''&sup2;) gives √(1-e²), <math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math> gives \sqrt{1-e^2} (parentheses vs. braces, "''e''" vs. "e", "&sup2;" vs. "^2")
Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Accents/Diacritics \acute{a} \quad \grave{a} \quad \breve{a} \quad \check{a} \quad \tilde{a} \acute{a} \quad \grave{a} \quad \breve{a} \quad \check{a} \quad \tilde{a}
Std. functions (good) \sin x + \ln y +\operatorname{sgn} z

\sin a \ \cos b \ \tan c \ \cot d \ \sec e \ \csc f
\sinh g \ \cosh h \ \tanh i \ \coth j
\arcsin k \ \arccos l \ \arctan m
\lim n \ \limsup o \ \liminf p
\min q \ \max r \ \inf s \ \sup t
\exp u \ \lg v \ \log w
\ker x \ \deg x \gcd x \Pr x \ \det x \hom x \ \arg x \dim x

 \sin x + \ln y +\operatorname{sgn} z

\sin a \ \cos b \ \tan c \ \cot d \ \sec e \ \csc f
\sinh g \ \cosh h \ \tanh i \ \coth j
\arcsin k \ \arccos l \ \arctan m
\lim n \ \limsup o \ \liminf p
\min q \ \max r \ \inf s \ \sup t
\exp u \ \lg v \ \log w
\ker x \ \deg x \gcd x \Pr x \ \det x \hom x \ \arg x \dim x
Std. functions (wrong) sin x + ln y + sgn z sin x + ln y + sgn z\,\!
Modular arithmetic s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}

a \bmod b

 s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}

a \bmod b\,\!
Derivatives \nabla \; \partial x \; dx \; \dot x \; \ddot y \nabla \; \partial x \; dx \; \dot x \; \ddot y
Sets

(Square symbols may not work for some wikis)

 \forall \; \exists \; \empty \; \emptyset \; \varnothing \in \ni \not\in \notin

\subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus

 \forall \; \exists \; \empty \; \emptyset \; \varnothing \in \ni \not\in \notin

\subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup \sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup
Logic p \land \wedge \; \bigwedge \; \bar{q} \to p\ lor \vee \; \bigvee \; \lnot \; \neg q \; \setminus \; \smallsetminus p \land \wedge \; \bigwedge \; \bar{q} \to p \lor \vee \; \bigvee \; \lnot \; \neg q \; \setminus \; \smallsetminus
Root \sqrt{2}\approx 1.4 \sqrt{2}\approx 1.4
\sqrt[n]{x} \sqrt[n]{x}
Relations \sim \; \approx \; \simeq \; \cong \; \le \; < \; \ge \; > \; \equiv \; \not\equiv \; \ne \; \propto \; \pm \; \mp \sim \; \approx \; \simeq \; \cong \; \le \; < \; \ge \; > \; \equiv \; \not\equiv \; \ne \; \propto \; \pm \; \mp
Geometric \Diamond \; \Box \; \triangle \; \angle \; \perp \; \mid \; \nmid \; \| \; 45^\circ \Diamond \; \Box \; \triangle \; \angle \; \perp \; \mid \; \nmid \; \| \; 45^\circ
Arrows

(Harpoons may not work for some wikis)

 \leftarrow \; \gets \; \rightarrow \; \to \; \leftrightarrow

\longleftarrow \; \longrightarrow
\mapsto \; \longmapsto \; \hookrightarrow \; \hookleftarrow
\nearrow \; \searrow \; \swarrow \; \nwarrow
\uparrow \; \downarrow \; \updownarrow

 \leftarrow \; \gets \; \rightarrow \; \to \; \leftrightarrow

\longleftarrow \; \longrightarrow
\mapsto \; \longmapsto \; \hookrightarrow \; \hookleftarrow
\nearrow \; \searrow \; \swarrow \; \nwarrow
\uparrow \; \downarrow \; \updownarrow
\rightharpoonup \; \rightharpoondown \; \leftharpoonup \; \leftharpoondown \; \upharpoonleft \; \upharpoonright \; \downharpoonleft \; \downharpoonright \rightharpoonup \; \rightharpoondown \; \leftharpoonup \; \leftharpoondown \; \upharpoonleft \; \upharpoonright \; \downharpoonleft \; \downharpoonright
\Leftarrow \; \Rightarrow \; \Leftrightarrow

\Longleftarrow \; \Longrightarrow \; \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)
\Uparrow \; \Downarrow \; \Updownarrow

 \Leftarrow \; \Rightarrow \; \Leftrightarrow

\Longleftarrow \; \Longrightarrow \; \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)
\Uparrow \; \Downarrow \; \Updownarrow
Special \eth \; \S \; \P \; \% \; \dagger \; \ddagger \; \star \; * \; \ldots

\smile \frown \wr \oplus \bigoplus \otimes \bigotimes
\times \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top \vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert
\imath \; \hbar \; \ell \; \mho \; \Finv \; \Re \; \Im \; \wp \; \complement \quad \diamondsuit \; \heartsuit \; \clubsuit \; \spadesuit \; \Game \quad \flat \; \natural \; \sharp

 \eth \; \S \; \P \; \% \; \dagger \; \ddagger \; \star \; * \; \ldots

\smile \frown \wr \oplus \bigoplus \otimes \bigotimes
\times \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top \vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert
\imath \; \hbar \; \ell \; \mho \; \Finv \; \Re \; \Im \; \wp \; \complement \quad \diamondsuit \; \heartsuit \; \clubsuit \; \spadesuit \; \Game \quad \flat \; \natural \; \sharp
Lowercase \mathcal has some extras \mathcal {45abcdenpqstuvwx} \mathcal {45abcdenpqstuvwx}
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Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
HTML PNG
Superscript a^2 a2 a^2 \,\!
Subscript a_2 a2 a_2 \,\!
Grouping a^{2+2} a2 + 2 a^{2+2}\,\!
a_{i,j} ai,j a_{i,j}\,\!
Combining sub & super x_2^3 x_2^3
Preceding sub & super {}_1^2\!X_3^4 {}_1^2\!X_3^4
Derivative (good) x', y'' x',y'' x', y''\,\!
Derivative (wrong in HTML) x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime} x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime} x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}\,\!
Derivative (wrong in PNG) x\prime, y\prime\prime x\prime, y\prime\prime x\prime, y\prime\prime\,\!
Derivative dots \dot{x}, \ddot{x} \dot{x}, \ddot{x}
Underlines, overlines, vectors \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c \ \overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f} \ \overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l} \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c \ \overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f} \ \overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}
Overbraces

\begin{matrix} 5050 \\ \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 } \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} 5050 \\ \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 } \end{matrix}
Underbraces

\begin{matrix} \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z } \\ 26 \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z } \\ 26 \end{matrix}
Sum \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 \sum_{k=1}^N k^2
Product \prod_{i=1}^N x_i \prod_{i=1}^N x_i
Coproduct \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i
Limit \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n
Integral \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx
Double integral \iint_{D}^{W} \, dx\,dy \iint_{D}^{W} \, dx\,dy
Triple integral \iiint_{E}^{V} \, dx\,dy\,dz \iiint_{E}^{V} \, dx\,dy\,dz
Quadruple integral \iiiint_{F}^{U} \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt \iiiint_{F}^{U} \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt
Path integral \oint_{C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy \oint_{C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy
Intersections \bigcap_1^{n} p \bigcap_1^{n} p
Unions \bigcup_1^{k} p \bigcup_1^{k} p
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Fractions, matrices, multilines

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Fractions \frac{2}{4} or {2 \over 4} \frac{2}{4}
Binomial coefficients {n \choose k} {n \choose k}
Small Fractions \begin{matrix} \frac{2}{4} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \frac{2}{4} \end{matrix}
Matrices \begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}
\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix} \begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}
\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix} \begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots &

\ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots &

0\end{bmatrix}		 \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0\end{bmatrix}
\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}
Case distinctions f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases} f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}
Multiline equations \begin{matrix}f(n+1) & = & (n+1)^2 \\ \ & = & n^2 + 2n + 1 \end{matrix} \begin{matrix}f(n+1) & = & (n+1)^2 \\ \ & = & n^2 + 2n + 1 \end{matrix}
Alternative multiline equations (using tables) 

{|
|-
|<math>f(n+1)</math>
|<math>=(n+1)^2</math>
|-
|
|<math>=n^2 + 2n + 1</math>
|}
f(n+1) \,\! =(n+1)^2 \,\!
=n^2 + 2n + 1 \,\!
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Fonts

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Greek alphabet
(Note the lack of omicron; note also that several upper case Greek letters are rendered identically to the corresponding Roman ones)

\Alpha\ \Beta\ \Gamma\ \Delta\ \Epsilon\ \Zeta\ \Eta\ \Theta\ \Iota\ \Kappa\ \Lambda\ \Mu\ \Nu\ \Xi\ \Pi\ \Rho\ \Sigma\ \Tau\ \Upsilon\ \Phi\ \Chi\ \Psi\ \Omega

\alpha\ \beta\ \gamma\ \delta\ \epsilon\ \zeta\ \eta\ \theta\ \iota\ \kappa\ \lambda\ \mu\ \nu\ \xi\ \pi\ \rho\ \sigma\ \tau\ \upsilon\ \phi\ \chi\ \psi\ \omega

\varepsilon\ \digamma\ \vartheta\ \varkappa\ \varpi\ \varrho\ \varsigma\ \varphi

\Alpha\ \Beta\ \Gamma\ \Delta\ \Epsilon\ \Zeta\ \Eta\ \Theta\ \Iota\ \Kappa\ \Lambda\ \Mu\ \Nu\ \Xi\ \Pi\ \Rho\ \Sigma\ \Tau\ \Upsilon\ \Phi\ \Chi\ \Psi\ \Omega

\alpha\ \beta\ \gamma\ \delta\ \epsilon\ \zeta\ \eta\ \theta\ \iota\ \kappa\ \lambda\ \mu\ \nu\ \xi\ \pi\ \rho\ \sigma\ \tau\ \upsilon\ \phi\ \chi\ \psi\ \omega

\varepsilon\ \digamma\ \vartheta\ \varkappa\ \varpi\ \varrho\ \varsigma\ \varphi
blackboard bold \mathbb{N}\ \mathbb{Z}\ \mathbb{Q}\ \mathbb{R}\ \mathbb{C} \mathbb{N}\ \mathbb{Z}\ \mathbb{Q}\ \mathbb{R}\ \mathbb{C}
boldface (vectors) \mathbf{x}\cdot\mathbf{y} = 0 \mathbf{x}\cdot\mathbf{y} = 0
boldface (greek) \boldsymbol{\alpha} + \boldsymbol{\beta} + \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\alpha} + \boldsymbol{\beta} + \boldsymbol{\gamma}
italics \mathit{ABCDE abcde 1234} \mathit{ABCDE abcde 1234}\,\!
Roman typeface \mathrm{ABCDE abcde 1234} \mathrm{ABCDE abcde 1234}\,\!
Fraktur typeface \mathfrak{ABCDE abcde 1234} \mathfrak{ABCDE abcde 1234}
Calligraphy/Script \mathcal{ABCDE abcde 1234} \mathcal{ABCDE abcde 1234}
Hebrew \aleph \beth \gimel \daleth \aleph\ \beth\ \gimel\ \daleth
non-italicised characters \mbox{abc} abc \mbox{abc} \,\!
mixed italics (bad) \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} ifnis even \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} \,\!
mixed italics (good) \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} if n is even \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \,\!
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Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Not good ( \frac{1}{2} ) ( \frac{1}{2} )
Better \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Parentheses \left ( \frac{a}{b} \right ) \left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )
Brackets \left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack \left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack
Braces \left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace \left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace
Angle brackets \left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle \left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle
Bars and double bars \left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \| \left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|
Floor and ceiling functions: \left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil \left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil
Slashes and backslashes \left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash \left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash
Up, down and up-down arrows \left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow \left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow

Delimiters can be mixed,
as long as \left and \right match

\left [ 0,1 \right )
\left \langle \psi \right |

\left [ 0,1 \right )
\left \langle \psi \right |
Use \left. and \right. if you don't
want a delimiter to appear:		 \left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X \left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X
Size of the delimiters \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( ... \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]

\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( ... \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]
\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ ... \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle

\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ ... \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle
\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| ... \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big| \big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| ... \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|
\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor ... \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil

\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor ... \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil
\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow ... \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow

\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow ... \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow
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Spacing

Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
double quad space a \qquad b a \qquad b
quad space a \quad b a \quad b
text space a\ b a\ b
text space without PNG conversion a \mbox{ } b a b
large space a\;b a\;b
medium space a\>b [not supported]
small space a\,b a\,b
no space ab ab\,
negative space a\!b a\!b
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Align with normal text flow

Due to the default css

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <font style="vertical-align:-100%;"><math>...</math></font> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

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Forced PNG rendering

To force the formula to render as PNG, add \, (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in preferences).

You can also use \,\! (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags. This does force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike \,.

This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).

For instance:

Syntax How it looks rendered
a^{c+2} ac + 2
a^{c+2} \, a^{c+2} \,
a^{\,\!c+2} a^{\,\!c+2}
a^{b^{c+2}} a^{b^{c+2}} (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}} \, a^{b^{c+2}} \, (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5 a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5 (due to "\approx" correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
a^{b^{\,\!c+2}} a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \, \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \,
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \,\! \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \,\!


This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.

You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:

<!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.-->
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Examples

\ ax^2 + bx + c=0

x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}

\left(3-x\right) \times \left( \frac{2}{3-x} \right) = \left(3-x\right) \times \left( \frac{3}{2-x} \right)

2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 3}{2-x} \right)

4-2x = 9-3x \!

-2x+3x = 9-4 \!

\int_a^x \int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy\,

\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}

u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\,\,\,x>a

|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, arg(z^n) = n\,arg(z)\,

\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)\,

\phi_n(\kappa) = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R} \frac{\partial}{\partial R}\left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR\,

\int_0^\infty x^\alpha \sin(x)\,dx = 2^\alpha \sqrt{\pi}\, \frac{\Gamma(\frac{\alpha}{2}+1)}{\Gamma(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\alpha}{2})}\,

\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\,\,\,\frac{1}{L_0}<\!\!<\kappa<\!\!<\frac{1}{l_0}\,

f(x) = {a_0\over 2} + \sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n\cos({2n\pi x \over T}) + b_n\sin({2n\pi x\over T})\,

f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0\\ \frac{1}{2} & x = 0\\x&0<x\le 1\end{cases}

\Gamma(z) = \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{z-1} \,dt\,

J_p(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k\left(\frac{z}{2}\right)^{2k+p}}{k!\Gamma(k+p+1)}\,

{}_pF_q(a_1,...,a_p;c_1,...,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}\,

\Gamma(n+1) = n \Gamma(n), n>0\,

\int_0^1 \frac{1}{\sqrt{-lnx}} dx\,

\int_0^\infty e^{-st}t^{x-1}\,dt,\,\,\,s>0\,

B(u) = \sum_{k=0}^N {P_k}{N! \over k!(N - k)!}{u^k}(1 - u)^{N-k}\,

u(x,y) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_0^\infty f(\xi)\left[g(|x+\xi|,y)+g(|x-\xi|,y)\right]\,d\xi\,

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See also

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External Links

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Wikipedia-specific content and links to other help pages

Template:Ph:Formula
edit this Wikipedia- and subject-specific template
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