Western Schism
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The Western Schism or Papal Schism (Also known as the Great Schism of Western Christianity) was a split within the Catholic Church in 1378. Lacking any real theological or doctrinal underpinnings, being rather driven by politics, it was resolved after 40 years by the Council of Constance. It is occasionally called the Great Schism, though this term is more often applied to the East-West Schism of 1054.
The schism in the Western church resulted from the untimely return of the Papacy from Avignon to Rome by Pope Gregory XI in 1378, ending the Avignon Papacy.
After Gregory XI died, the Romans rioted to ensure an Italian was elected; the cardinals, fearing the crowds, elected an Italian, Pope Urban VI, in 1378. Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon; but once he was elected Pope, he became suspicious, overbearing, and subject to violent outbursts of temper. The Cardinals who had elected him soon came to repent of their decision, and on September 20 the same year, the majority of them removed themselves from Rome to Fondi and elected a rival Pope there, who styled himself as "Pope" Clement VII and established a second Papal court in Avignon.
The second election threw the Church into a turmoil; there had been antipopes, rival claimants to the papacy before, but most of them had been appointed by various rival factions. Here, the acknowledged and legitimate leaders of the Church themselves had created the two rival popes. European secular leaders had to choose which pope they would recognize. France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples, and Scotland chose to recognize the Avignon claimant. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland, and Sweden followed the Roman claimant. Even people later recognized as saints were caught up in the dispute; St Catherine of Siena defended Urban's papacy, while St Vincent Ferrer was in Clement's camp.
Sustained by national and factional rivalries throughout Catholic Christendom, the schism survived the deaths of both initial claimants; Pope Boniface IX, crowned at Rome in 1389, and Antipope Benedict XIII, who reigned in Avignon from 1394, maintained their rival courts. When Boniface died in 1404, the eight cardinals of the Roman conclave offered to refrain from electing a new pope if Benedict resigned; his legates refused on his behalf, and the Roman party licitly elected Pope Innocent VII, continuing the schism.
A church council was held at Pisa in 1409 to try to solve the dispute, but only elected a third Pope, Antipope Alexander V, shortly succeeded by Antipope John XXIII.
Finally, the Council of Constance in 1417 deposed John XXIII and the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, received the resignation of the Roman Pope Gregory XII (who had abdicated in 1415), and elected Pope Martin V, thereby permanently ending the schism.
Thus the line of Roman popes was recognized as the legitimate line. Consistent with this outcome, from this time forward in the Catholic church it was decreed explicitly that no Council had power over the Popes, and there is no way to undo a Papal election by anyone but the pope.
The alternate papal claimants have become known in history as antipopes.
The Great Schism of the Western Church occupied the energies of Jean Gerson, one of the great theologians of the age.
For further reading see: The Three Popes: An Account of the Great Schism, by Marzieh Gail; The Great Schism: 1378, by John Holland Smith (New York 1970); The Origins of the Great Schism: A study in fourteenth century ecclesiastical history, by Walter Ullmann.
