Friulian language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
| Friulian (Furlan) | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: | the eastern part of Italy |
| Region: | Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
| Total speakers: | 600,000 |
| Ranking: | N/A |
| Genetic classification: | Indo-European Italic languages |
| Official status | |
| Official language of: | No country. Officially recognized in Italy with the law 482/1999 |
| Regulated by: | Osservatori Regjonâl de Lenghe e de Culture Furlanis |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | None |
| ISO 639-2 | fur |
| SIL | fur |
| See also: Language – List of languages | |
Friulian (friulano in Italian, furlan or affectionately marilenghe in Friulian) is a Romance language belonging to the Rhaetian languages family, spoken in the north-east of Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia province) by about 600,000 people, the vast majority of whom also speak Italian. It is also called Eastern Ladin, since it has the same roots of Ladin, although in the centuries it has developed in different ways under the influence of surrounding cultures (German, Italian, Venetian, Slovenian). It has a good cultural background (there were poems and works in Friulian already in 1300, while first documents appear in 11th century) and in the 20th century there was a revival of the language, which has continued so far. Interestingly, Friulian is mutually intelligible with the Catalan and Occitan languages.
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The area of diffusion
Today, Friulian language is spoken in the Province of Udine, in the vast majority of the Province of Pordenone, in more than half of the Province of Gorizia and in the eastern part of the Province of Venice.
In the world
Friuli was until the 1960s an area of deep poverty, so a lot of people emigrated with the main destinations being France, Belgium, Switzerland and, outside Europe, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, the United States, and South Africa. In these countries there are associations of Friulian immigrants (called Fogolâr furlan) that try to protect their traditions and language.
Famous poets and writers
- Ermes di Colloredo (XVI century)
- Pietro Zorutti (XIX century)
- Caterina Percoto (XIX century)
- Pier Paolo Pasolini (XX century)
Phonology
Long vowels are typical of the Friulian language and this has a great influence also on Friulian pronunciation of Italian.
Friulian distinguishes between short and long vowels, e.g. in the following minimal pairs (long vowels are marked in the official orthography with a circumflex accent):
- lat (milk)
- lât (gone)
- fis (fixed, dense)
- fîs (sons)
- lus (luxury)
- lûs (light n.)
The Friulian dialects differ in their treatment of long vowels. In certain dialects some of the long vowels are actually diphthongs. The following chart shows how four words (pît foot, sêt thirst, pôc (a) little, fûc fire) are pronounced in four dialects. Each dialect uses a unique pattern of diphthongs (yellow) and monophthongs (blue) for the long vowels:
| West | Codroipo | Carnia | Central | |
| sêt | [seit] | [se:t] | [seit] | [se:t] |
| pît | [peit] | [peit] | [pi:t] | [pi:t] |
| pôc | [pouk] | [po:k] | [pouk] | [po:k] |
| fûc | [fouk] | [fouk] | [fu:k] | [fu:k] |
The double consonants (ll, rr, and so on), used a lot in Italian, are nearly absent in Friulian
Grammar
- The plural is usually formed with an -s suffix
- Friulian verbal infinitives have one of four endings, either -â, -ê, -i, -î
Actual condition of Friulian
Nowadays, Friulian is officially recognized in Italy with the law 482/1999, which protects linguistic minorities; therefore teaching of Friulian has been introduced in many primary schools. An online newspaper is active, and there are also a few musical groups which use Friulian for their songs, as well as some theatrical companies. In about 40 per cent of the communities in the Province of Udine, road signs are both in Friulian and Italian. There is also an official translation of the Holy Bible. In 2005, a famous brand of beer used Friulian for one of its commercials.
Toponyms
Every city and village in Friuli has two names, one in Italian and one in Friulian. Only the Italian is official and used in administration, although it is widely expected that the Friulian ones will receive partial acknowledgement in the near future. For example, the city of Udine is called Udin in Friulian, while the town of Tolmezzo is called Tumieç.
Challenges of standardisation
A challenge that Friulian shares with other minorities is to create a standard language and a unique writing system. Usually, Friulian of central areas of Friuli is considered standard, but not everybody agrees.
Variants of Friulian
Four dialects of Friulian can be distinguished, all mutually intelligible. They are usually distinguished by the last vowel of many parts of speech (including nouns, adjectives, adverbs), following this scheme:
- Central Friulian, spoken around Udine
-
- words end in -e
- used in official documents and generally considered standard
- Northern Friulian, spoken in Carnia
-
- several variants; language can vary with the valleys; words can end in -o, -e, or -a
- South-eastern Friulian, spoken in Bassa Friulana, and Isontino, the area spoken along the Isonzo River
-
- words end in -a
- some features of the pronunciation have been lost; this dialect is closer to Italian
- Western Friulian, including Pordenonese, spoken in the Province of Pordenone
-
- words end in -a
- strong Venetian influence
For example, the word home becomes cjase in Central Friulian, and cjasa or cjaso in other areas.
Writing systems
There are actually two main writing systems:
- The most common is that approved by the Province of Udine and used in official documents. It uses the standard Latin alphabet plus the c-cedilla (ç) and circumflexed vowels such as â, ê, î, ô, and û.
- An alternative system is called Faggin-Nazzi from the names of the scholars who proposed it. It is also widely used, but it is more difficult for a beginner due to its use of letters such as č that are typical of Slavic languages, but often seem unnatural to native Italian speakers. These letters are used in order to more accurately reflect particular features of Friulian phonology.
Some examples
- Hello, my name is Jack!
- Mandi, jo o mi clami Jacum!
- Today the weather is really hot!
- Vuê al è propite cjalt!
- I really have to go now, see you
- O scugni propite lâ cumò, ariviodisi
- I can’t go out with you tonight, I have to study
- No pues vignî fûr usgnot, o ai di studiâ
External links
- Official Friulian orthography
- Ethnologue report for Friulian
- Online magazine and resources
- Course of Friulian
- Online magazine in Friulian
- Friulian Journal of Science – an association to foster the use of Friulian in the scientific world
- Fogolâr furlan of Toronto
- Fogolâr Furlan of Windsor
- Societat Filologjiche Furlane
- Centri interdipartimentâl pe ricercje su la culture e la lenghe dal Friûl "Josef Marchet"
- Friulian version of Firefox browser
- Friulian alphabet and phonology
- Furlan English Dictionary from [1] - the Rosetta Edition
