Shimon Peres
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Shimon Peres ▶(?) (Hebrew שִׁמְעוֹן פֶּרֶס (without Niqqud: שמעון פרס) (born August 21, 1923), an Israeli politician, is the head of the Israeli Labour Party and served as 8th Prime Minister of Israel from 1984-1986 and 1995-1996 and Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel from 2001-2002, and became Vice Premier in a coalition under Ariel Sharon at the start of 2005. In 1994 Peres won the Nobel Peace Prize together with Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat, for their efforts towards peace which culminated in the Oslo Accords.
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Early life
Shimon Peres (original last name was Perske) was born in Wieniawa, Poland (now Vishniev in Belarus). As a child he moved to Tel Aviv, Israel with his family in 1934. He was educated in the Geula School in Tel Aviv and the agricultural school of Ben Shemen.
In 1947, he was conscripted into the Haganah (predecessor of the Israeli Defense Forces) and was appointed by David Ben-Gurion to be responsible for personnel and arms purchases. In 1952, he was appointed Deputy Director General of the Ministry of Defense and in 1953 he became the Director General of the Ministry of Defense. He was involved in acquiring weapons for the young state of Israel. Peres' efforts went superbly well as he managed to acquire the advanced Dassault Mirage III French jet fighter and a nuclear reactor.
Political career
In 1959, he was elected to the Knesset, as a member of Mapai, the Israeli Labour Party. From 1959-1965 he served as Deputy Defense Minister until he was implicated in the Lavon affair with Moshe Dayan. Peres and Dayan left Mapai with David Ben Gurion to form a new party, Rafi which reconciled with Mapai in 1968 (without Ben Gurion) resulting in the formation of the Labour Alignment. In 1969, Peres was appointed Minister of Absorption and in 1970, he became the Minister of Transportation and Communications. In 1974, after a period as Information Minister, he was appointed Minister of Defense in the Yitzhak Rabin government. He had been Rabin's chief rival for the post of Prime Minister after Golda Meir resigned in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War. Peres continued to challenge Rabin for the leadership of the party. While again narrowly defeated in 1977 he succeeded Rabin as Prime Minister and party leader after the latter resigned after his wife,Leah Rabin, was found to have maintained bank accounts abroad in violation of then-existing Israeli currency regulations. Subsequently Peres led the Labour Party to its first ever electoral defeat in 1977. They were also defeated under his leadership in 1981. However they won more seats than any other party in 1984 and Peres became Prime Minister at the head of a national unity government composed of Labour, Likud and minor parties. After leaving the Premiership in 1986 he became foreign minister in 1986 and finance minister in 1988. He and the Labour Party finally left the government in 1990 after making a failed bid to form a narrow government based on a coalition of Labour, small leftist groupings and Haredi parties.
In the National Unity government (1988-1990) Peres served as Vice Premier and Minister of Finance. From 1990-1992, he led the opposition in the Knesset. In early 1992, Peres, branded as a hopeless loser, was defeated in the first primary elections in the history of the Labour Party, by Yitzhak Rabin, whom he had replaced fifteen years earlier. However Peres remained active in politics, serving as Rabin's foreign minister from 1992 and briefly succeeding him after his assassination in 1995. Peres was defeated by Benjamin Netanyahu in the first direct elections for Prime Minister in Israel's history in 1996. In 1997 he did not seek re-election as Labour Party leader and was replaced by Ehud Barak. Barak rebuffed Peres's attempt to secure the position of Party President and upon forming a government in 1999 appointed Peres to the minor post of minister for regional development. Peres played little role in the Barak government and was humiliated when in a surprise move, the Knesset rejected his bid for a seven-year term as Israel's President, or ceremonial head of state. However, after the defeat of Barak by Ariel Sharon in the 2001 election, Peres made yet another comeback. He led Labour into a national unity government with Sharon's Likud Party and secured the post of foreign minister. The formal leadership of the party passed to Benjamin Ben-Eliezer and later Haifa Mayor Gen. Amram Mitzna. Peres was much criticized on the left for clinging to his position as foreign minister in a government that was not seen as advancing the peace process,despite his own dovish stance. He left office only when Labour resigned in advance of the 2003 elections. After the party under the leadership of Mitzna suffered crushing defeat Peres again emerged as interim leader. He led the party into coalition with Sharon once more at the end of 2004 when the latter's support of "disengagement" from Gaza presented a diplomatic program Labour could support. As should be evident, Shimon Peres is one of Israel's most durable politicians and is currently the longest-serving member of the Knesset.
Peres was at one time considered something of a hawk. He was a protege of Ben-Gurion and Dayan and an early supporter of the West Bank settlers during the 1970s. However, after becoming the leader of his party his stance devolved. More recently he has been seen as a dove, and a strong supporter of the notion of peace through economic cooperation. While still opposed, like all mainstream Israeli leaders in the 1970s and early 1980s, to talks with the PLO he distanced himself from settlers and spoke of the need for "territorial compromise" over the West Bank and Gaza. For a time he hoped that King Hussein of Jordan could be Israel's Arab negotiating partner rather than Yasser Arafat. Peres met secretly with Hussein in London in 1987 and reached a framework agreement with him, but this was rejected by Israel's then Prime Minister, Yitzhak Shamir. Shortly afterward the first intifada erupted, and whatever plausibility King Hussein had as a potential Israeli partner in resolving the fate of the West Bank evaporated. Subsequently, Peres gradually moved closer to support for talks with the PLO, although he avoided making an outright commitment to this policy until 1993.
Peres was perhaps more closely associated with the Oslo Accords than any other Israeli politician (Rabin included) with the possible exception of his own protege, Yossi Beilin. He has remained an adamant supporter of the Oslo Accords and the Palestinian Authority since their inception despite the First Intifada and the Al-Aqsa Intifada. However, Peres supports Ariel Sharon's military policy of operating the Israeli Defence Forces to thwart suicide bombings and weaken the integrity of Palestinian organizations. Peres' image is an unusual blend of visionary dreamer and ruthless and opportunistic wheeler-dealer. The former aspect of his image is more widely perceived internationally, while the latter is more commonly seen among Israelis.
Often, Peres acts as the informal "explainer" of Israel (even when he is in the opposition) since he earned high prestige and respect among the international public opinion and diplomatic circles. Peres advocates Israel's security policy (military counter terror operations and the Israeli West Bank barrier) against international criticism and de-legitimation efforts from pro-Palestinian circles.
2005 Labour Primaries
In Winter 2004-05 the Labour Party decided to hold elections to determine who will lead the party in the upcoming 2007 general elections. As party leader, Peres was in favor of holding the ballot at the latest possible date, and claimed that an early decision would jeopardize both the September 2005 Gaza Withdrawal, and the party's status in the National Unity Government with Sharon. However, the tide was in favor of an earlier date, as younger party figures such as Ophir Pines-Paz and Yitzhak Herzog too a decisive lead over more established leaders Benjamin Ben-Eliezer and Haim Ramon in the ballot to determine ministries in that government. The original date of June 26 proved abortive when massive member registration fraud was discovered only weeks before the date. This caused a delay aided by internal and civil investigations to November 9, 2005.
Irrespective of before or after the delay, Peres continually led in the polls, defying predictions that rivals would overtake him. His bitter exchanges with opponents began when former Prime Minister Barak began backing the holding of primaries early that year, as Amir Peretz and Haim Ramon, two staunch anti-Barak Knesset members vowed to support Peres at any cost to defeat Barak. In a bizarre change of events, Peretz soon declared his own candidacy, a move viewed by Peres as the greatest betrayal.
Though Peres continued to trade nasty barbs with Barak in the newspapers, his fued with Peretz soon superceded that, especially when Barak pulled out of the race in early October. One of Peretz's main charges against Peres was that he neglected socio-economic affairs as a member of the Sharon government, and has not fulfilled his statement that Labour had joined the coalition with only the intent of seeing through the Gaza Withdrawal.
The other candidates include Minister of Science Matan Vilna'i, who was before Peretz considered the main challenger, and Benjamin Ben-Eliezer, always considered a long-shot,and now even more so due to the invalidation of many of his supporters from the voters' book due to the fraud investigation. Peres is still considered to be a front-runner, but the primary result cannot be predicted as it is dependent on voter turnout.
Family life
Shimon Peres is married to Sonya (nee Gelman), and has a daughter, Tzvia (Tziki) Walden-Peres, a linguist, and two sons, Yoni (born 1952) and Chemi, chairman of Pitango Venture Capital, one of Israel’s largest venture capital funds.
Peres is the first cousin of actress Lauren Bacall (born Betty Joan Perske).
Awards and interests
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994 together with Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin.
Shimon Peres is interested in nanoelectronics.
In 1997 he founded the Peres Center for Peace.
Books
He is the author of several books, including:
- The Next Step (1965)
- David's Sling (1970) (ISBN 0297000837)
- And Now Tomorrow (1978)
- From These Men: seven founders of the State of Israel (1979) (ISBN 0671610163)
- Entebbe Diary (1991)
- Yoman Entebeh (1991} (ISBN 9652481114}
- The New Middle East (1993) (ISBN 0805033238)
- Battling for Peace: a memoir (1995) (ISBN 0679436170)
- For the Future of Israel (1998) (ISBN 080185928X)
- The Imaginary Voyage : With Theodor Herzl in Israel (1999) (ISBN 1559704683)
External links
- Shimon Peres - Knesset page
- Peres Center for Peace website
- Shimon Peres biography at http://www.nobel.se
- Biography of Shimon Peres at
- Zionism and Israel Information Center Biography Page
- Shimon Peres biography at the Jewish Virtual Library
- BBC - Sharon seals new Israel coalition
| Preceded by: Yitzhak Rabin |
Prime Minister of Israel 1977–1977 |
Succeeded by: Menachem Begin |
| Preceded by: Yitzhak Shamir |
Prime Minister of Israel 1984–1986 |
Succeeded by: Yitzhak Shamir |
| Preceded by: Yitzhak Rabin |
Prime Minister of Israel 1995–1996 |
Succeeded by: Benjamin Netanyahu |
| Preceded by: Moshe Dayan |
Minister of Defense of the State of Israel 1974-1977 |
Succeeded by: Ezer Weizman |
| Preceded by: Yitzhak Rabin |
Minister of Defense of the State of Israel 1995-1996 |
Succeeded by: Yitzhak Mordechai |
